After washing the mare the Caslick vaginal speculum is ready for insertion. Prior to insertion the split dorsal blades and wider ventral blade are rotated a quarter of a turn. After insertion the blades are rotated back 90 degrees. The divided upper blades can opened up laterally by turning the large wing nut.
In this older mare the anus is sunken in and appears to have been pulled forward. The dorsal portion of the vulva lies horizontally. When the tone of the labia is also poor, fecal juice may enter the vagina and cause contamination. Such mares may also be windsuckers.
photos of a horse vagina
A perianal abscess is located at the 4 o'clock position in relationship to the anal sphincter. The ventral portion of the vulvar lips is slightly parted. These lesions are likely sequelae to a traumatic delivery. This mare is likely to develop a pneumovagina.
Even though it may not be the most fun part of owning a horse, you will occasionally need to clean your mare's udders and genital area. This will help prevent itchiness, infection, and smelliness, as well as unsightly buildup.
If the vulval seal is high (more than 4 cm of length dorsal to the pelvic floor) in relation to the pelvic brim, the vestibular seal is incompetent and aspiration of air (pneumovagina) and the aspiration of bacteria and contaminated material into the vagina can occur (Figures Two and Three). The abnormal vulval conformation is most prominent in Figure Three.
The significance of this conformation is that the normal vulval seal is compromised and there is the development of a pneumovagina and the aspiration of bacteria and contaminated The initial vaginitis may lead to cervicitis and acute endometritis resulting in subfertility. Contamination of the caudal reproductive tract with bacteria during pregnancy can result in embryonic death, and in late pregnancy can result in the development of placentitis and lead to abortion. Furthermore, the pneumovagina may lead to a urovagina (urine pooling within the vagina) when the vestibule and urethral opening are displaced cranially.
In some mares, pneumovagina may only occur during oestrus when the perineal tissues are more relaxed. Some mares make an obvious noise whilst walking, but in other mares the diagnosis may be more difficult. The presence of hyperemia and a frothy exudate in the anterior vagina on examination with a speculum is pathognomic. Rectal palpation of a ballooned vagina or uterus from which air can be expelled confirms the diagnosis. Real time ultrasound examination of the uterus may reveal the presence of air as hyperechoic (white) foci seen at the opposed lumenal surfaces (Figure Six). Cytological and histological examination of the endometrium may demonstrate significant numbers of neutrophils indicative of an endometritis (Figure Seven). Rarely eosinophils are also found in association with vaginal windsucking.
The timing of repair of a tear such as this depends on the degree of damage. Where bruising is minimal, a full repair can be carried out immediately to prevent pneumovagina. Where bruising is more extensive, a temporary repair should be carried out to minimise uterine infection and pneumovagina.
A careful examination of the area should be made to assess that no cervical damage has occurred; that the rectal mucosa is intact and whether the extent, amount of bruising, future contamination and/or infection may delay primary healing if a repair is effected. Should bruising be too extensive, then repair should be delayed for seven to ten days. If the degree of injury is severe, the wound may need to granulate before repair. This is governed by the degree of angulation of the vulva and pneumovagina which may develop in the interim. If the mare is likely to develop a serious pneumovagina, repair should be effected immediately even though the eventual healing may be need a second repair. It is important to make this clear to the mare owner or stud farm manager. If assessment indicates a poor immediate surgical risk, surgery should be postponed for seven to ten days. However the external view as shown in Figure Twelve would indicate the likelihood that there is minimal trauma and an immediate repair could be contemplated.
Repair Procedure: The mare should be sedated after being placed in a set of stocks, preferably, or over the stable door or several bales of straw (less satisfactory). Where a second degree tear is extensive, an epidural or local infiltration to the full depth of the tear can be used. Thoroughly clean and surgically prepare the surgical area, Surgically debride all severely bruised tissues, tissue strands which will be non-viable and tie off any new points of haemorrhage. Wherever possible, freshen tissues slightly to ensure all bruised tissues are removed before suturing. Repair can be made using single deep vertical mattress sutures of synthetic monofilament suture material. These sutures should be placed to close the injured area, bring the vaginal mucosa back into apposition and close the dead space between the vagina and the skin tear. A continuous lock stitch can then be used as a skin suture; if there is a risk of dehiscence, then single interrupted skin sutures would be preferable.
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Your mare can run with other horses for most of her gestation provided that her paddock mates are not nasty. Horses are social, herd animals and depend on others for companionship. You do not want to stress her out by completely isolating her, so keep other reliable mares with her if possible. Ideally for the last month of gestation your mare should be paddocked with the same horses that she will be paddocked with after foaling. This allows the social hierarchy to be established prior to a vulnerable foal being in the mix. Ideally paddock companions will be mares rather than geldings, and young stock other than foals.
Treatment depends on the extent of the injury. It is important to get a good exam of the vulva, perineum and vagina. In most cases, this can be done while the patient is awake. However, there are some cases in which the patient may need to be sedated to do a thorough exam to determine the extent of the injury.
When you discuss vaginitis and vulvitis together, it is refered to it as vulvovaginitis. It is a condition that causes inflammation of the vulva and vagina. It can be caused by a difficult birth, contamination of the reproductive tract, or even from bacteria invading the area leading to infection. Symptoms commonly seen include depression, anorexia, elevated tail, and a foul-odor discharge coming from the genital area. The veterinarian may be able to diagnose this condition by clinical symptoms alone, but may want to run diagnostics for confirmation. She may want to microscopically examine the vaginal discharge to see what is causing the infection. When confirmed, treatment can begin. Antibiotics and washing of the area are used in conjunction to clear the infection and inflammation. If treated properly and in a timely manner, your horse should recover without any long term side effects.
Vaginitis and vulvitis are two conditions that appear simultaneously in female horses. This condition can develop at any time, but is most frequently seen after giving birth. A mild infection is non-life threatening but veterinary treatment should be sought to avoid the condition from developing into a more serious condition.
Vaginitis is a form of inflammation of the vagina; vulvitis is inflammation of the vulva. When both conditions are present, it is known as vulvovaginitis. Conditions can be acute or chronic. If the onset of the inflammation is all of a sudden or right after giving birth, onset is said to be acute. If chronic, it means your horse has been suffering from this condition for a while or it returns repeatedly, even after treatment.
Diagnosing vulvovaginitis can be done by a physical exam but additional diagnostics may be helpful. In cases of this condition, inflammation of the vulva and vagina are the most obvious symptoms. The veterinarian will be able to see and palpate this upon physical examination. Another obvious symptom is the presence of discharge being produced from the area. She may take a swab sample from inside the vagina or vulva and examine it under the microscope to see if there is any sort of underlying infection.
Routine blood work may be suggested in order to check for anemia and to check organ function. The veterinarian may even want to perform an ultrasound of the vagina to check for a tumor, hemorrhaging, or any other abnormality. If an ultrasound is unavailable she may opt for a radiographic image instead to at least get an idea of what is going on inside the vagina.
The efficiency of producing timed pregnant or pseudopregnant mice can be increased by identifying those in proestrus or estrus. Visual observation of the vagina is the quickest method, requires no special equipment, and is best used when only proestrus or estrus stages need to be identified. Strain to strain differences, especially in coat color can make it difficult to determine the stage of the estrous cycle accurately by visual observation. Presented here are a series of images of the vaginal opening at each stage of the estrous cycle for 3 mouse strains of different coat colors: black (C57BL/6J), agouti (CByB6F1/J) and albino (BALB/cByJ). When all 4 stages (proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus) need to be identified, vaginal cytology is regarded as the most accurate method. An identification tool is presented to aid the user in determining the stage of estrous when using vaginal cytology. These images and descriptions are an excellent resource for learning how to determine the stage of the estrous cycle by visual observation or vaginal cytology. 2ff7e9595c
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